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Vermilacinia pumila
''Vermilacinia pumila'' is a whitish green fruticose lichen that occurs in fog areas along the Pacific Coast and offshore island of North America.〔Spjut, R. W. 1996. ''Niebla'' and ''Vermilacinia'' (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Sida Miscellany 14〕 The epithet pumila is in regard to the dwarf form of the thallus, in contrast to ''V. combeoides''.
==Distinguishing Features==
''Vermilacinia pumila'' is classified in the subgenus ''Vermilacina'' in which it is distinguished by its small hemispherical thallus of densely compacted, erect but curved stubby branches (crowded together, touching) not more than 1 cm high, and generally 1–2 mm in diameter.〔 This is in contrast to the taller and narrower, loosely aggregate branches (not touching) of ''V. combeoides'', 2–4 cm high, and not more than 1 mm in diameter. The branches of ''V. pumila'' are slightly inflated above the mid region, which seems related to its thinner cortex, about 50 µm thick, in contrast to the more or less uniform branch diameter of ''V. combeoides'' which has a cortex two and one-half to four times as thick (125–200 µm).〔 ''Vermilacinia pumila'' seldom produces the terminal apothecia that is generally characteristic of ''V. combeoides''; instead, its branches frequently bifurcate into narrower lobes that abruptly taper to a pointed apex. Both species have most of the same lichens substances but notably differ in their chemotype profiles. The lichen substances include unknown terpenes referred to as T3, T4 and T5, bougeanic acid, zeorin and (-)-16 α-hydroxykaurane with salazinic acid occasionally present.〔 The unknown T4 compound, found only in some species of subgenus ''Vermilacinia'', was present in all specimens of ''V. pumila'' studied, in contrast to not always present in ''V. combeoides''.〔 Zeorin was often absent in ''V. combeoides'' but always present in ''V. pumila''. The T5 compound was found only in ''V. combeoides''.〔
''Vermilacinia pumila'' appears intermediate between ''V. combeoides'' and ''V. robusta'' by its slightly inflated branches, which in ''V. robusta'' are of similar length to ''V. combeoides'', but usually more inflated, from 1–6 mm in diameter, with a cortex about 100–120 µm thick.〔
''Vermilacinia pumila'' was recognized to occur in southern California, including the Channel Islands, to just south of Tijuana in Baja California, and also on Guadalupe Island;〔 however, its range appears to extend north to Point Lobos State Park in Monterrey County,〔Image: “''Niebla combeoides'' (Nyl.) Rundel & Bowler (151682)” at Mushroom Observer, Point Lobos State Park, Sea Lion Point, Chris Parrish (kitparrish), Monterey Co., California, retrieved 29 Nov 2014, http://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/151682?q=b7ho&size=medium〕 and the thalli there may include apothecia.〔Image: ''Niebla combeoides'' (Nyl.) Rundel & Bowler (24124) at Mushroom Observer, Point Lobos State Park, Sea Lion Point, Jason Hollinger, Monterey Co., California, retrieved 29 Nov 2014, http://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/24124?obs=12055〕
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